The Front


1h 36m 1976
The Front

Brief Synopsis

A bookie agrees to put his name on scripts by blacklisted writers.

Film Details

Also Known As
Aldrig i livet
MPAA Rating
Genre
Comedy
Drama
Release Date
1976

Technical Specs

Duration
1h 36m
Sound
Mono
Color
Color (Metrocolor)
Theatrical Aspect Ratio
2.35 : 1

Synopsis

During the McCarthy era of the 1950s, Howard Prince is working as a cashier in a bar and struggling to supplement his income by with a side job as a bookie. His old friend Alfred Miller is a successful television writer whose leftist political views have caused him to be blacklisted and he cannot work. Alfred asks Howard to be his "front," to put his name on Alfred's scripts and sell them, for which he will receive part of the payment. Howard's "writing" is a hit, and before long he is fronting for several blacklisted writers. Now Howard is enjoying a healthy income and the reputation of TV's newest success. But a comic named Hecky Brown, who had a brief interest in socialism at one time, has been told that if he wants to continue as the host of his weekly television show he will have to name names, and he begins to look at Howard with some suspicion.

Videos

Movie Clip

Hosted Intro

Film Details

Also Known As
Aldrig i livet
MPAA Rating
Genre
Comedy
Drama
Release Date
1976

Technical Specs

Duration
1h 36m
Sound
Mono
Color
Color (Metrocolor)
Theatrical Aspect Ratio
2.35 : 1

Award Nominations

Best Writing, Screenplay

1977

Articles

Andrea Marcovicci Catches the Light Working with Zero Mostel


Happy birthday, Zero Mostel!

TCM is marking the occasion with a double feature of Du Barry Was a Lady (1943), his screen debut, and The Front (1976), an underseen gem. Mostel was a Promethean and versatile talent “of enormous variety and nuance,” to quote A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to The Forum, one of his Broadway triumphs that earned him one of three Tony Awards. The phrase “larger than life” does not begin to do him justice.

But there is little of the outsized in his devastating performance in Martin Ritt’s The Front as Hecky Green, a glad-handing actor and entertainer whose livelihood is threatened by the Hollywood Blacklist in the 1950s. The film stars Woody Allen in his first dramatic role as Howard Prince, a cashier and debt-plagued bookie who agrees to help his screenwriter friend Alfred Miller (Michael Murphy), a blacklisted Communist sympathizer, by fronting for him. He signs his name to Miller’s scripts so his friend can continue working.

The Front was Mostel’s last film (he died in 1977 at the age of 62); it was Andrea Marcovicci’s first. She costars as the idealistic assistant to the producer of a live TV showcase and becomes involved with Howard. Marcovicci still acts, but is today hailed as one of the grandest divas of cabaret, a standards-bearer for the Great American Songbook. She spoke via Zoom with TCM about her memories of working with Mostel and shared stories that are at once sweet and “a bit vulgar.”

 

The Front is an auspicious beginning to your film career.

Andrea Marcovicci: I was 25 years old. I was cast in something, and to this day I feel really embarrassed to say I got the part and turned it down because I thought it wasn’t the way I wanted to be in a movie for the first time. I don’t think it ever hit the screen, but it was some heist thing in which I would have been just yelling, screaming and crying. I didn’t want to come into the movie world playing a victim.  

Your breakthrough as an actress was as Dr. Betsy Chernak Taylor on the soap opera, Love Is a Many Splendored Thing and you had done several TV series and made-for-TV movies. How did you get The Front?

AM: I got a call to audition for Marion Daugherty (the legendary casting director who gave, among others, James Dean, Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman their first opportunities onscreen). All I knew was that it was for a movie called The Front and it was with Woody Allen. But it was written by Walter Bernstein and was going to be directed by Marty Ritt. So I knew it wasn’t a Woody Allen picture, and—thank God—I wouldn’t have to be funny. In those days, I didn’t have funny chops. I was a tragedian all the way (laughs). At the time, I was playing Ophelia opposite Sam Waterston’s Hamlet in Central Park for producer Joseph Papp.

What is your most vivid memory about the audition?

AM: I was singing at [the New York nightclub] Reno Sweeney at the time. I sang ‘til midnight. Then I went to a recording studio and I sang until 3 a.m. I slept two or three hours and then I went to the audition. On no sleep. That’s the arrogance, stupidity, the silliness of youth. It’s just amazing what we’ll do. I read with Woody. He kept his back to me. But for some reason, either I was too tired to notice or I just thought, ‘Whatever,’ but it went well because I had a second meeting at the Sherry Netherlands Hotel. This is long before #MeToo. They said I got the part. I had a hat and I went down to that lovely square in front of the Sherry and I threw it in the air like Mary Tyler Moore.

How much did you know about the Blacklist?

AM: I knew nothing about the Blacklist. I did remember “Better Dead than Red” posters at school. I started my research and then I learned that people on the film had been blacklisted (including Ritt, Bernstein, Mostel and Herschel Bernardi). I was basically a complete neophyte in this world of men who had experienced it. I went to Marymount, a Catholic private school, for 12 years. I was kept unaware of many things. They didn’t teach the Holocaust. I learned about the Holocaust from my first boyfriend when I got out of school.

What do you remember about meeting Zero Mostel?

AM: I knew who Zero was, that’s for sure. In every way you can possibly imagine, Zero Mostel was larger than life. He was big and he was loud. He was also sweet, embracing, encouraging. My strongest memory of Zero is that when we were doing a scene together, he said, ‘You’re so beautiful; lift your chin up, catch the light.”

What was he like on the set?

AM: Zero wanted to make everybody laugh. Woody would never do that. Woody was quiet and introspective and just doing his job. He never tried to amuse anybody. Zero was ON at all times. He couldn’t help himself.

Do you have a favorite memory of working with him?

AM: One thing I remember is a little bit vulgar. A girlfriend come to visit me in my dressing room. They created dressing rooms without ceilings—they were more like cubicles—and Zero’s dressing room was right next to mine. My girlfriend and I were chatting quietly, and I heard from his dressing room, “Quiet, I’m farting.”

You were nominated for a Golden Globe.

AM: They wouldn’t fly me out.

Did you go on your own dime?

AM: You better believe I did.  That’s Hollywood. I accepted an award that night for Susan Blakely (for Rich Man, Poor Man) so I got to go up onstage. The one thing they did send me on though—and the irony is amazing—they sent me to the Tehran Film Festival. Of all the film festivals to go to, where they have no freedom of speech.

Had you made somebody mad?

AM:
No, no. (laughs) I said I would go if they threw in a trip to Paris.

Zero Mostel should have been nominated for an Oscar.

AM: It’s a stunning performance. It broke my heart. If there had been more support for the movie, he would have been nominated.

Zero is one of those show business legends I’ve never heard a bad word about.

AM: There’s a great story I know; he might have told it to me. He wasn’t getting along with his wife. They were supposed to be getting a divorce. He packed his bag and started to trudge out of the apartment. He got to the doorway with his suitcase and he said to his wife, ‘Don’t you even want to say goodbye?’ She turned around and he was stark naked except for a bowtie around his penis. And she laughed so hard that she took him back.

Do you have a favorite performance of his?

AM: The Producers (1967) can’t be beat. That scene with Gene Wilder: “I’m wet, I’m hysterical and I’m wet….”  The Producers is my favorite.

I’ll give you the last word on what it’s like to work with Zero Mostel.

AM:  It was fun. I like flamboyant people. Woody was very private with his humor. He would tell me little jokes in my ear, but he wouldn’t share them with anybody else. I like big personalities like Zero because that’s show business to me. What’s the point of being in the business if you’re going to be all withdrawn and tortured?

Before you go, I’d be remiss if I didn’t ask the Queen of Cabaret if she were able to perform in front of an audience, what song she would share with her loyal subjects to give us hope and help us get through these challenging times?

AM: (Pause) I always think of (and starts to sing):

‘You must remember this
A kiss is just a kiss, a sigh is just a sigh
The fundamental things apply,
As time goes by.’

Andrea Marcovicci Catches The Light Working With Zero Mostel

Andrea Marcovicci Catches the Light Working with Zero Mostel

Happy birthday, Zero Mostel!TCM is marking the occasion with a double feature of Du Barry Was a Lady (1943), his screen debut, and The Front (1976), an underseen gem. Mostel was a Promethean and versatile talent “of enormous variety and nuance,” to quote A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to The Forum, one of his Broadway triumphs that earned him one of three Tony Awards. The phrase “larger than life” does not begin to do him justice.But there is little of the outsized in his devastating performance in Martin Ritt’s The Front as Hecky Green, a glad-handing actor and entertainer whose livelihood is threatened by the Hollywood Blacklist in the 1950s. The film stars Woody Allen in his first dramatic role as Howard Prince, a cashier and debt-plagued bookie who agrees to help his screenwriter friend Alfred Miller (Michael Murphy), a blacklisted Communist sympathizer, by fronting for him. He signs his name to Miller’s scripts so his friend can continue working.The Front was Mostel’s last film (he died in 1977 at the age of 62); it was Andrea Marcovicci’s first. She costars as the idealistic assistant to the producer of a live TV showcase and becomes involved with Howard. Marcovicci still acts, but is today hailed as one of the grandest divas of cabaret, a standards-bearer for the Great American Songbook. She spoke via Zoom with TCM about her memories of working with Mostel and shared stories that are at once sweet and “a bit vulgar.” The Front is an auspicious beginning to your film career.Andrea Marcovicci: I was 25 years old. I was cast in something, and to this day I feel really embarrassed to say I got the part and turned it down because I thought it wasn’t the way I wanted to be in a movie for the first time. I don’t think it ever hit the screen, but it was some heist thing in which I would have been just yelling, screaming and crying. I didn’t want to come into the movie world playing a victim.  Your breakthrough as an actress was as Dr. Betsy Chernak Taylor on the soap opera, Love Is a Many Splendored Thing and you had done several TV series and made-for-TV movies. How did you get The Front?AM: I got a call to audition for Marion Daugherty (the legendary casting director who gave, among others, James Dean, Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman their first opportunities onscreen). All I knew was that it was for a movie called The Front and it was with Woody Allen. But it was written by Walter Bernstein and was going to be directed by Marty Ritt. So I knew it wasn’t a Woody Allen picture, and—thank God—I wouldn’t have to be funny. In those days, I didn’t have funny chops. I was a tragedian all the way (laughs). At the time, I was playing Ophelia opposite Sam Waterston’s Hamlet in Central Park for producer Joseph Papp.What is your most vivid memory about the audition?AM: I was singing at [the New York nightclub] Reno Sweeney at the time. I sang ‘til midnight. Then I went to a recording studio and I sang until 3 a.m. I slept two or three hours and then I went to the audition. On no sleep. That’s the arrogance, stupidity, the silliness of youth. It’s just amazing what we’ll do. I read with Woody. He kept his back to me. But for some reason, either I was too tired to notice or I just thought, ‘Whatever,’ but it went well because I had a second meeting at the Sherry Netherlands Hotel. This is long before #MeToo. They said I got the part. I had a hat and I went down to that lovely square in front of the Sherry and I threw it in the air like Mary Tyler Moore.How much did you know about the Blacklist?AM: I knew nothing about the Blacklist. I did remember “Better Dead than Red” posters at school. I started my research and then I learned that people on the film had been blacklisted (including Ritt, Bernstein, Mostel and Herschel Bernardi). I was basically a complete neophyte in this world of men who had experienced it. I went to Marymount, a Catholic private school, for 12 years. I was kept unaware of many things. They didn’t teach the Holocaust. I learned about the Holocaust from my first boyfriend when I got out of school.What do you remember about meeting Zero Mostel?AM: I knew who Zero was, that’s for sure. In every way you can possibly imagine, Zero Mostel was larger than life. He was big and he was loud. He was also sweet, embracing, encouraging. My strongest memory of Zero is that when we were doing a scene together, he said, ‘You’re so beautiful; lift your chin up, catch the light.”What was he like on the set?AM: Zero wanted to make everybody laugh. Woody would never do that. Woody was quiet and introspective and just doing his job. He never tried to amuse anybody. Zero was ON at all times. He couldn’t help himself.Do you have a favorite memory of working with him?AM: One thing I remember is a little bit vulgar. A girlfriend come to visit me in my dressing room. They created dressing rooms without ceilings—they were more like cubicles—and Zero’s dressing room was right next to mine. My girlfriend and I were chatting quietly, and I heard from his dressing room, “Quiet, I’m farting.”You were nominated for a Golden Globe.AM: They wouldn’t fly me out.Did you go on your own dime?AM: You better believe I did.  That’s Hollywood. I accepted an award that night for Susan Blakely (for Rich Man, Poor Man) so I got to go up onstage. The one thing they did send me on though—and the irony is amazing—they sent me to the Tehran Film Festival. Of all the film festivals to go to, where they have no freedom of speech.Had you made somebody mad?AM: No, no. (laughs) I said I would go if they threw in a trip to Paris.Zero Mostel should have been nominated for an Oscar.AM: It’s a stunning performance. It broke my heart. If there had been more support for the movie, he would have been nominated.Zero is one of those show business legends I’ve never heard a bad word about.AM: There’s a great story I know; he might have told it to me. He wasn’t getting along with his wife. They were supposed to be getting a divorce. He packed his bag and started to trudge out of the apartment. He got to the doorway with his suitcase and he said to his wife, ‘Don’t you even want to say goodbye?’ She turned around and he was stark naked except for a bowtie around his penis. And she laughed so hard that she took him back.Do you have a favorite performance of his?AM: The Producers (1967) can’t be beat. That scene with Gene Wilder: “I’m wet, I’m hysterical and I’m wet….”  The Producers is my favorite.I’ll give you the last word on what it’s like to work with Zero Mostel.AM:  It was fun. I like flamboyant people. Woody was very private with his humor. He would tell me little jokes in my ear, but he wouldn’t share them with anybody else. I like big personalities like Zero because that’s show business to me. What’s the point of being in the business if you’re going to be all withdrawn and tortured?Before you go, I’d be remiss if I didn’t ask the Queen of Cabaret if she were able to perform in front of an audience, what song she would share with her loyal subjects to give us hope and help us get through these challenging times? AM: (Pause) I always think of (and starts to sing):‘You must remember thisA kiss is just a kiss, a sigh is just a sighThe fundamental things apply,As time goes by.’

The Front on Blu-ray


An interesting acting departure for Woody Allen, this beautifully judged comedy-drama from 1976 is perhaps the only really successful movie about the notorious Blacklist era. Critics concerned about the HUAC and McCarthy witch hunts voiced displeasure that Martin Ritt and Walter Bernstein's The Front wasn't more incisive, accusatory and comprehensive about the harm done by the Blacklist. It's better to compare their film to a Sidney Poitier movie -- it is the strongest movie on the subject that the general public could be expected to accept. The non-threatening The Front wisely sets up the absurdity of the witch hunts and allows viewers to become curious on their own. For interested parties, it's a short step from this entertainment to the docu Point of Order!, actor Robert Vaughn's book Only Victims and the personal accounts found in interview-driven works like Tender Comrades. As with Poitier and the Civil Rights issue, the public apparently needs to take anything socially challenging by baby steps.

Most of what's written about the blacklisting era concerns big stars, writers and producers, like the Hollywood Ten. The news coverage of the recent passing of Pete Seeger made mention of his 'Blacklist' problem, when the fact is that the F.B.I. and the State Department harassed many performers that made social criticism or labor activism part of their performance. Through publications like Red Channels, for-profit "loyalty companies" pressured commercial sponsors to ban ideologically suspect performers from TV and radio. In some cases the government stepped in to revoke passports of targeted individuals, preventing them from making a living in Canada or overseas. But thousands of law-abiding citizens in all walks of life also saw their lives ruined. Teachers and professors were dismissed with no way to appeal their 'invisible blacklisting'. If denounced by a colleague, someone in insurance or broadcasting could lose their entire livelihood. When the news is full of hysterics claiming that Red traitors have infiltrated government bureaucracies and even the military, who will listen to a schoolteacher who once supported a politically unpopular cause?

Nowhere was the bite of the Blacklist felt stronger than in the profit center of New York television, where so much money was being made that nobody wanted to rock the boat. Just like witchfinders from the Inquisition of old, the loyalty companies helped the networks purge their ranks of undesirables, on the basis of old affiliations, hearsay and innuendo. Deprived of his career for several years, screenwriter Walter Bernstein packs The Front with autobiographical details, including the ulcers brought about by worry. In a major subplot, actor-comedian Zero Mostel recreates real incidents that happened to him personally.

Deli cashier and bookmaker Howard Prince (Woody Allen) is approached by his old friend Al Miller (Michael Murphy), a successful pro TV writer. Because of the Blacklist, Al suddenly cannot get a job. Is Howard willing to put his untarnished name on Al's scripts so they can be sold to the networks? For ten percent of the writing fees, all Howard need do is pretend to be a writer, attend a few meetings and turn in Al's final scripts. Eager to earn some easy money, Howard starts working as Al's "front". He soon has a girlfriend in production assistant Florence Barrett (Andrea Marcovicci), who is impressed by "his" writing talent. Howard also begins fronting for Al's friends Delaney and Phelps (Lloyd Gough & David Margulies). The ex-bookie foolishly begins to believe that he's part of the creative process, rather than just a necessary inconvenience. He becomes aware of the grave injustice of what is happening only when his new friend comic performer Hecky Brown (Zero Mostel) is blacklisted and can find no way to placate the self-important, pitiless executives at the "Freedom Information Service". The Red-hunters eventually connect Howard to the three blacklisted writers... and the witch hunt turns on him as well.

The Front is always amusing, yet Walter Bernstein's script grows darker as Howard Prince develops a conscience about what's going on around him. At first a happy opportunist with dollar signs in his eyes, Howard gets a swollen head, adding insult to injury when he starts critiquing his friends' work. He learns his place when the show's producer (Herschel Bernardi) shoves him into a room to do a quick rewrite of a script -- Howard is like the girl in Rumpelstiltskin, suddenly asked to spin a pile of straw into gold. If The Front were told in the gritty NYC style of the cynical Sweet Smell of Success, it might be difficult to watch. We can easily imagine a shark like Tony Curtis' Sidney Falco playing his friends' predicament for all he can get. The writers would be turning out shallow, moralistic pap for TV drama shows, while engaged in a grim existential struggle for survival.

The pressure of this precarious situation so affects Al Miller's ulcer that he winds up in the hospital. Florence is disgusted when her superiors at the TV studio treat the Blacklist opportunists as something to be appeased at any cost. Professional cowardice is the order of the day. Once the hex is in against Hecky Brown, he becomes persona non grata. The socially oriented Hecky dies inside when former glad-handing associates and employers suddenly turn their heads away at his approach. It's as if the popular performer no longer exists.

Zero Mostel's performance puts most Supporting Oscar nominees to shame -- it's both brilliant and heartbreaking. The Borscht Belt comedian adds a touch of nuttiness to the movie while illuminating the terrible personal tragedies experienced by some Blacklistees. Hecky Brown is based partly on Mostel's own experiences, especially an incident in which the sleazy proprietor of a Catskills resort cheats him of half his fee simply because he knows that Hecky has no choice because he needs the money. Most of Hecky's story is borrowed from that of actor Philip Loeb, who was labeled as a communist for his union activities, and unceremoniously dropped from the cast of his enormously popular TV show, The Goldbergs.. Mr. Loeb's story did not have a happy ending.

Immersed in his own films, Woody Allen took this acting-only assignment because he believed in the subject matter and respected the filmmakers. It was our first opportunity to see Woody in non-clown mode, in a serious role. Allen is wonderful -- this is probably his only screen character that isn't undercut with comic detachment. Howard Prince grows from a position of willful ignorance to taking a stand for common decency and loyalty to his friends. The only righteous path is to resist the Congressional committee, the Freedom Information Service and all their corrupt minions.

It's telling that The Front lands right between Allen's comedy Love and Death and his breakout seriocomic hit Annie Hall. Director Martin Ritt's no-frills direction resembles Woody's own later style. Directorially speaking, the only difference I caught is that Martin Ritt frequently overhangs dialogue and audio across scene transitions. The screenplay sets up the 1953 context with a montage of newsreel footage -- Marilyn Monroe, Joe McCarthy, the atomic spies the Rosenbergs -- set off against Frank Sinatra's optimistic pop tune Young at Heart. The uplifting conclusion making Howard a hero in handcuffs is perfectly acceptable, even though few if any Blacklist victims experienced anything so positive. Essayist Julie Kirgo cites the Sinatra song again: "Fairy tales can come true".

The end credits list several actors and creatives by name and the year they were blacklisted: Martin Ritt, Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Lloyd Gough, Joshua Shelley. In 1952 actor Lloyd Gough won a featured role in the Technicolor RKO picture Rancho Notorious, but was blacklisted before it was released. Howard Hughes solved that problem by having Gough's name and his character removed from the credits and cast list.

Twilight Time's Blu-ray of The Front is a perfect encoding of this entertaining favorite. I've previously seen it only flat on cable viewings, and Michael Chapman's widescreen images are very handsome.

Composer Dave Grusin's work has its own Isolated Score Track. An original trailer is present as well. I listened to and enjoyed the commentary with actress Andrea Marcovicci and Twilight Time's Nick Redman and Julie Kirgo. Ms. Kirgo's engaging essay presents plenty of interesting information, such as the fact that Walter Bernstein based Howard Prince's three writer clients on himself, Abraham Polonsky and Arnold Manoff.

It's nice to see Woody Allen play a genuine moral hero for once; his committee testimony that finishes the film is a fine piece of work with only the slightest comic payoff. I recommend that readers check out the courageous and daring real testimony of actor Lionel Stander, as recorded in Eric Bentley's eye-opening book Thirty Years of Treason: Stander feeds the committee questioning him some really effective double-talk as well as sound arguments why their Inquisition is a farce. He doesn't name names. As one might expect, the actor was put on the list of un-friendlies and "informally" stripped of his right to practice his profession.

By Glenn Erickson

The Front on Blu-ray

An interesting acting departure for Woody Allen, this beautifully judged comedy-drama from 1976 is perhaps the only really successful movie about the notorious Blacklist era. Critics concerned about the HUAC and McCarthy witch hunts voiced displeasure that Martin Ritt and Walter Bernstein's The Front wasn't more incisive, accusatory and comprehensive about the harm done by the Blacklist. It's better to compare their film to a Sidney Poitier movie -- it is the strongest movie on the subject that the general public could be expected to accept. The non-threatening The Front wisely sets up the absurdity of the witch hunts and allows viewers to become curious on their own. For interested parties, it's a short step from this entertainment to the docu Point of Order!, actor Robert Vaughn's book Only Victims and the personal accounts found in interview-driven works like Tender Comrades. As with Poitier and the Civil Rights issue, the public apparently needs to take anything socially challenging by baby steps. Most of what's written about the blacklisting era concerns big stars, writers and producers, like the Hollywood Ten. The news coverage of the recent passing of Pete Seeger made mention of his 'Blacklist' problem, when the fact is that the F.B.I. and the State Department harassed many performers that made social criticism or labor activism part of their performance. Through publications like Red Channels, for-profit "loyalty companies" pressured commercial sponsors to ban ideologically suspect performers from TV and radio. In some cases the government stepped in to revoke passports of targeted individuals, preventing them from making a living in Canada or overseas. But thousands of law-abiding citizens in all walks of life also saw their lives ruined. Teachers and professors were dismissed with no way to appeal their 'invisible blacklisting'. If denounced by a colleague, someone in insurance or broadcasting could lose their entire livelihood. When the news is full of hysterics claiming that Red traitors have infiltrated government bureaucracies and even the military, who will listen to a schoolteacher who once supported a politically unpopular cause? Nowhere was the bite of the Blacklist felt stronger than in the profit center of New York television, where so much money was being made that nobody wanted to rock the boat. Just like witchfinders from the Inquisition of old, the loyalty companies helped the networks purge their ranks of undesirables, on the basis of old affiliations, hearsay and innuendo. Deprived of his career for several years, screenwriter Walter Bernstein packs The Front with autobiographical details, including the ulcers brought about by worry. In a major subplot, actor-comedian Zero Mostel recreates real incidents that happened to him personally. Deli cashier and bookmaker Howard Prince (Woody Allen) is approached by his old friend Al Miller (Michael Murphy), a successful pro TV writer. Because of the Blacklist, Al suddenly cannot get a job. Is Howard willing to put his untarnished name on Al's scripts so they can be sold to the networks? For ten percent of the writing fees, all Howard need do is pretend to be a writer, attend a few meetings and turn in Al's final scripts. Eager to earn some easy money, Howard starts working as Al's "front". He soon has a girlfriend in production assistant Florence Barrett (Andrea Marcovicci), who is impressed by "his" writing talent. Howard also begins fronting for Al's friends Delaney and Phelps (Lloyd Gough & David Margulies). The ex-bookie foolishly begins to believe that he's part of the creative process, rather than just a necessary inconvenience. He becomes aware of the grave injustice of what is happening only when his new friend comic performer Hecky Brown (Zero Mostel) is blacklisted and can find no way to placate the self-important, pitiless executives at the "Freedom Information Service". The Red-hunters eventually connect Howard to the three blacklisted writers... and the witch hunt turns on him as well. The Front is always amusing, yet Walter Bernstein's script grows darker as Howard Prince develops a conscience about what's going on around him. At first a happy opportunist with dollar signs in his eyes, Howard gets a swollen head, adding insult to injury when he starts critiquing his friends' work. He learns his place when the show's producer (Herschel Bernardi) shoves him into a room to do a quick rewrite of a script -- Howard is like the girl in Rumpelstiltskin, suddenly asked to spin a pile of straw into gold. If The Front were told in the gritty NYC style of the cynical Sweet Smell of Success, it might be difficult to watch. We can easily imagine a shark like Tony Curtis' Sidney Falco playing his friends' predicament for all he can get. The writers would be turning out shallow, moralistic pap for TV drama shows, while engaged in a grim existential struggle for survival. The pressure of this precarious situation so affects Al Miller's ulcer that he winds up in the hospital. Florence is disgusted when her superiors at the TV studio treat the Blacklist opportunists as something to be appeased at any cost. Professional cowardice is the order of the day. Once the hex is in against Hecky Brown, he becomes persona non grata. The socially oriented Hecky dies inside when former glad-handing associates and employers suddenly turn their heads away at his approach. It's as if the popular performer no longer exists. Zero Mostel's performance puts most Supporting Oscar nominees to shame -- it's both brilliant and heartbreaking. The Borscht Belt comedian adds a touch of nuttiness to the movie while illuminating the terrible personal tragedies experienced by some Blacklistees. Hecky Brown is based partly on Mostel's own experiences, especially an incident in which the sleazy proprietor of a Catskills resort cheats him of half his fee simply because he knows that Hecky has no choice because he needs the money. Most of Hecky's story is borrowed from that of actor Philip Loeb, who was labeled as a communist for his union activities, and unceremoniously dropped from the cast of his enormously popular TV show, The Goldbergs.. Mr. Loeb's story did not have a happy ending. Immersed in his own films, Woody Allen took this acting-only assignment because he believed in the subject matter and respected the filmmakers. It was our first opportunity to see Woody in non-clown mode, in a serious role. Allen is wonderful -- this is probably his only screen character that isn't undercut with comic detachment. Howard Prince grows from a position of willful ignorance to taking a stand for common decency and loyalty to his friends. The only righteous path is to resist the Congressional committee, the Freedom Information Service and all their corrupt minions. It's telling that The Front lands right between Allen's comedy Love and Death and his breakout seriocomic hit Annie Hall. Director Martin Ritt's no-frills direction resembles Woody's own later style. Directorially speaking, the only difference I caught is that Martin Ritt frequently overhangs dialogue and audio across scene transitions. The screenplay sets up the 1953 context with a montage of newsreel footage -- Marilyn Monroe, Joe McCarthy, the atomic spies the Rosenbergs -- set off against Frank Sinatra's optimistic pop tune Young at Heart. The uplifting conclusion making Howard a hero in handcuffs is perfectly acceptable, even though few if any Blacklist victims experienced anything so positive. Essayist Julie Kirgo cites the Sinatra song again: "Fairy tales can come true". The end credits list several actors and creatives by name and the year they were blacklisted: Martin Ritt, Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Lloyd Gough, Joshua Shelley. In 1952 actor Lloyd Gough won a featured role in the Technicolor RKO picture Rancho Notorious, but was blacklisted before it was released. Howard Hughes solved that problem by having Gough's name and his character removed from the credits and cast list. Twilight Time's Blu-ray of The Front is a perfect encoding of this entertaining favorite. I've previously seen it only flat on cable viewings, and Michael Chapman's widescreen images are very handsome. Composer Dave Grusin's work has its own Isolated Score Track. An original trailer is present as well. I listened to and enjoyed the commentary with actress Andrea Marcovicci and Twilight Time's Nick Redman and Julie Kirgo. Ms. Kirgo's engaging essay presents plenty of interesting information, such as the fact that Walter Bernstein based Howard Prince's three writer clients on himself, Abraham Polonsky and Arnold Manoff. It's nice to see Woody Allen play a genuine moral hero for once; his committee testimony that finishes the film is a fine piece of work with only the slightest comic payoff. I recommend that readers check out the courageous and daring real testimony of actor Lionel Stander, as recorded in Eric Bentley's eye-opening book Thirty Years of Treason: Stander feeds the committee questioning him some really effective double-talk as well as sound arguments why their Inquisition is a farce. He doesn't name names. As one might expect, the actor was put on the list of un-friendlies and "informally" stripped of his right to practice his profession. By Glenn Erickson

The Front


In 1976, director Martin Ritt and screenwriter Walter Bernstein brought a very personal subject to the big screen: the Hollywood Blacklist. Both men were victims of the anti-communist hysteria that gripped the television and movie community during the investigations by the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) that began in 1947. For refusing to participate in naming names of suspected Communists, both men were unable to find work for years. The HUAC was finally abolished in 1975; the following year, The Front was released, starring Woody Allen and Zero Mostel, himself a blacklist victim as well. Despite the presence of two comedians in leading roles, Ritt warned that this was no comedy, arguing, "Instead, what the audience will get is a film filled with bitterness and irony that reflect the ludicrousness of the time of the blacklist."

Ritt, known for such film classics as Hud (1963) and Norma Rae (1979) was haunted by the McCarthy era: "They wanted me to turn my friends in. A rat does that, and has to live with it the rest of his life." Matters became complicated when Ritt's close friend and mentor, director Elia Kazan, notoriously began to comply with HUAC's requests for information. In Picking Up the Tab: The Life and Movies of Martin Ritt by Carlton Jackson, he recalled, "Oh, Kazan and I still talked, but it was never the same. His behavior didn't help our relationship." Long-time friend Bernstein, who collaborated with Ritt on Paris Blues (1961) and The Molly Maguires (1970) in later years, slept on the director's couch while he waited out his blacklisted period. Like many boycotted writers, any creative work he could manage during this time was tenuous: largely underpaid and completely uncredited, many writers functioned under pseudonyms or used another person as a "front" to appear as the author. This latter premise formed the basis for the film, with Woody Allen in the title role.

Allen, with five major films under his belt including What's New, Pussycat (1965), Bananas (1971), and Sleeper (1973), was a fast rising star in Hollywood. Despite his growing popularity, however, he was not the first choice for the lead; Ritt and Bernstein had been considering such big names as Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman for the role. When Ritt asked Bernstein, however, "What about that kid?," Allen was cast in his first straight dramatic role as Howard Prince, a cashier-turned-front for a blacklisted writer. Ritt later realized the impact of the actor in the film, observing that "Audiences go in expecting a Woody Allen comedy, and come out shattered."

With his only role in the project as an actor, a rarity for Allen, he was frank about his discomfort. In a 1976 interview for the New York Times, he revealed: "From the beginning I had enormous reservations about doing a film which I had not written and over which I would have no directorial control." He later conceded, "The reason I did The Front was that the subject was worthwhile. Martin Ritt and Walter Bernstein lived through the blacklist and survived it with dignity, so I didn't mind deferring to their judgment."

Zero Mostel, who immortalized the leading roles in The Producers and Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway, experienced an eight-year hiatus from film after being blacklisted. His role of Hecky Brown, an actor struggling under the pressure from the communist hunters, was loosely based on real-life actor Philip Loeb, a personal friend of Mostel. Loeb was targeted by the HUAC investigators and fired from his leading role in the television series The Goldbergs (1949-54) in 1951; increasingly despondent, he committed suicide in 1955. Mostel's motivation for being involved in the project was not only personally motivated but also with the intent to educate another generation of Americans. As he pointed out in his biography by Jared Brown, "It's part of this country, and a lot of kids don't even realize that blacklisting ever existed." Ritt agreed: "I think it had a special significance for all of us, and I include Woody in that, though obviously he wasn't blacklisted. I had a good time working with Z. He could be difficult. He didn't always get along perfectly with Woody. But they respected each other."

In addition to Ritt, Bernstein, and Mostel, supporting actors Herschel Bernardi, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley were also victims of the blacklist. The closing credits, designed by Stephen Frankfurt, note this alongside the names of all six men as well as the year they were blacklisted. Reviews were mixed; the New York Post declaring the film, "A light comedy forged out of dark and authentic pain." Legendary critic Pauline Kael gave the movie overall a thumbs down, but admitted, "It has, however, a theme one can't be against. At its most appealing, this movie says that people shouldn't be pressured to inform on their friends, that people shouldn't be humiliated in order to earn a living." Bernstein earned an Oscar® nod for Best Original Screenplay. In a final ironic twist, The Front took top honors at the International Film Festival of Tehran, Iran - a bizarre event in which one of the world's most restrictive societies lauded a film celebrating the spirit of creative freedom.

Producer: Robert Greenhut, Charles H. Joffe, Martin Ritt, Jack Rollins
Director: Martin Ritt
Screenplay: Walter Bernstein
Cinematography: Michael Chapman
Film Editing: Sidney Levin
Art Direction: Charles Bailey
Music: Dave Grusin
Cast: Woody Allen (Howard Prince), Zero Mostel (Hecky Brown), Herschel Bernardi (Phil Sussman), Michael Murphy (Alfred Miller), Andrea Marcovicci (Florence Barrett), Remak Ramsay (Hennessey).
C-95m. Letterboxed.

by Eleanor Quin

The Front

In 1976, director Martin Ritt and screenwriter Walter Bernstein brought a very personal subject to the big screen: the Hollywood Blacklist. Both men were victims of the anti-communist hysteria that gripped the television and movie community during the investigations by the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) that began in 1947. For refusing to participate in naming names of suspected Communists, both men were unable to find work for years. The HUAC was finally abolished in 1975; the following year, The Front was released, starring Woody Allen and Zero Mostel, himself a blacklist victim as well. Despite the presence of two comedians in leading roles, Ritt warned that this was no comedy, arguing, "Instead, what the audience will get is a film filled with bitterness and irony that reflect the ludicrousness of the time of the blacklist." Ritt, known for such film classics as Hud (1963) and Norma Rae (1979) was haunted by the McCarthy era: "They wanted me to turn my friends in. A rat does that, and has to live with it the rest of his life." Matters became complicated when Ritt's close friend and mentor, director Elia Kazan, notoriously began to comply with HUAC's requests for information. In Picking Up the Tab: The Life and Movies of Martin Ritt by Carlton Jackson, he recalled, "Oh, Kazan and I still talked, but it was never the same. His behavior didn't help our relationship." Long-time friend Bernstein, who collaborated with Ritt on Paris Blues (1961) and The Molly Maguires (1970) in later years, slept on the director's couch while he waited out his blacklisted period. Like many boycotted writers, any creative work he could manage during this time was tenuous: largely underpaid and completely uncredited, many writers functioned under pseudonyms or used another person as a "front" to appear as the author. This latter premise formed the basis for the film, with Woody Allen in the title role. Allen, with five major films under his belt including What's New, Pussycat (1965), Bananas (1971), and Sleeper (1973), was a fast rising star in Hollywood. Despite his growing popularity, however, he was not the first choice for the lead; Ritt and Bernstein had been considering such big names as Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman for the role. When Ritt asked Bernstein, however, "What about that kid?," Allen was cast in his first straight dramatic role as Howard Prince, a cashier-turned-front for a blacklisted writer. Ritt later realized the impact of the actor in the film, observing that "Audiences go in expecting a Woody Allen comedy, and come out shattered." With his only role in the project as an actor, a rarity for Allen, he was frank about his discomfort. In a 1976 interview for the New York Times, he revealed: "From the beginning I had enormous reservations about doing a film which I had not written and over which I would have no directorial control." He later conceded, "The reason I did The Front was that the subject was worthwhile. Martin Ritt and Walter Bernstein lived through the blacklist and survived it with dignity, so I didn't mind deferring to their judgment." Zero Mostel, who immortalized the leading roles in The Producers and Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway, experienced an eight-year hiatus from film after being blacklisted. His role of Hecky Brown, an actor struggling under the pressure from the communist hunters, was loosely based on real-life actor Philip Loeb, a personal friend of Mostel. Loeb was targeted by the HUAC investigators and fired from his leading role in the television series The Goldbergs (1949-54) in 1951; increasingly despondent, he committed suicide in 1955. Mostel's motivation for being involved in the project was not only personally motivated but also with the intent to educate another generation of Americans. As he pointed out in his biography by Jared Brown, "It's part of this country, and a lot of kids don't even realize that blacklisting ever existed." Ritt agreed: "I think it had a special significance for all of us, and I include Woody in that, though obviously he wasn't blacklisted. I had a good time working with Z. He could be difficult. He didn't always get along perfectly with Woody. But they respected each other." In addition to Ritt, Bernstein, and Mostel, supporting actors Herschel Bernardi, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley were also victims of the blacklist. The closing credits, designed by Stephen Frankfurt, note this alongside the names of all six men as well as the year they were blacklisted. Reviews were mixed; the New York Post declaring the film, "A light comedy forged out of dark and authentic pain." Legendary critic Pauline Kael gave the movie overall a thumbs down, but admitted, "It has, however, a theme one can't be against. At its most appealing, this movie says that people shouldn't be pressured to inform on their friends, that people shouldn't be humiliated in order to earn a living." Bernstein earned an Oscar® nod for Best Original Screenplay. In a final ironic twist, The Front took top honors at the International Film Festival of Tehran, Iran - a bizarre event in which one of the world's most restrictive societies lauded a film celebrating the spirit of creative freedom. Producer: Robert Greenhut, Charles H. Joffe, Martin Ritt, Jack Rollins Director: Martin Ritt Screenplay: Walter Bernstein Cinematography: Michael Chapman Film Editing: Sidney Levin Art Direction: Charles Bailey Music: Dave Grusin Cast: Woody Allen (Howard Prince), Zero Mostel (Hecky Brown), Herschel Bernardi (Phil Sussman), Michael Murphy (Alfred Miller), Andrea Marcovicci (Florence Barrett), Remak Ramsay (Hennessey). C-95m. Letterboxed. by Eleanor Quin

Quotes

A writer looks for trouble.
- Florence Barrett
No, a lunatic looks for trouble.
- Howard Prince

Trivia

Several people involved in this film were themselves on the McCarthy-era blacklists that it is about: director Martin Ritt ; writer Walter Bernstein; and actors Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Lloyd Gough and Joshua Shelley.

The writers in the deli, according to screenwriter Walter Bernstein, were a composite of himself, Abraham Polonsky, and Arnold Manoff. All 3 writers were blacklisted by Hollywood as a result of the HUAC hearings, and all 3 co-wrote the segments for the 50's TV series "You Are There" (1953).

Miscellaneous Notes

Released in United States 1976

Released in United States 1976