One of the first major events of the war took place in the South Atlantic in December 1939. The German pocket battleship Graf Spee raided the sea lane to India, sinking England-bound freighters and seizing their crews. A trio of smaller Royal Navy fighting ships anticipated the Graf Spee's position and attacked, sustaining heavy damage but forcing the battleship to flee to the neutral Uruguayan port of Montevideo. Then began a diplomatic game of cat and mouse, as British intelligence agents bluffed the Germans into thinking that a full squadron was waiting in ambush outside the neutral port, at the mouth of the broad (140 mile) estuary of the Rio de la Plata. The Graf Spee and the Nazis were in a tough spot, with Germany's national prestige at stake. Should the Graf Spee allow itself to overstay in Montevideo, and by the rules of neutrality be seized by Uruguay? Or should it make a run for the open sea? The deathwatch for the giant battleship was covered live on radio.
Powell & Pressberger wanted to make something other than the typical oceangoing movie in which large model boats fought one another in a special effects tank. As this was the middle 1950s they opted for VistaVision, Paramount's new large format process that yielded remarkably bright, sharp images, especially when printed in Technicolor. The filmmakers secured the cooperation of several navies to use real ships to "play" the Royal Navy cruisers HMS Exeter, HMS Achilles and HMS Ajax. Only the Achilles plays itself, as it had been re-commissioned as a ship of the Indian Navy. The American heavy cruiser Salem impersonates the Graf Spee. As the USN would not permit the Salem's large bow numbers to be painted over, Powell & Pressberger excuse them as part of the German camouflage effort.
Miniature effects were employed to depict parts of the sea battle, but Michael Powell puts more stress on the experience of the sailors and civilians involved in the conflict. We stay locked up with the captured merchant seamen below decks on the Graf Spee, and share the concerns of the captains and the crews of the three cruisers tasked with engaging the far larger battleship. Merchant captain Dove (Bernard Lee, "M" in the James Bond films) forms a friendship with the German Captain Langsdorff, played with reserve and respect by Peter Finch. The British Commodore and Captains (Anthony Quayle, Ian Hunter, John Gregson, Jack Gwillim) enter into the fight with high spirits and pursue their foe even when the Exeter is almost sunk and the other ships heavily damaged. We see what a surface battle is really like -- groups of men on opposing ships shooting each other to bits. One hit on the Exeter's bridge wipes out most of its ranking officers.
An expressive montage of nighttime Montevideo lights heralds the second half of the film and introduces a group of cagey diplomats (Anthony Bushell, Douglas Wilmer) and British Naval Intelligence agents (Michael Goodliffe, William Squire). American broadcaster Mike Fowler (Lionel Murton, the chaplain in Patton) sets up a live reporting post from a portside bar owned by the easily annoyed Manolo (Christopher Lee). The midnight oil burns at the embassies as the British and French ministers flaunt their superior relations with the Uruguayan foreign minister. Quoting Article 12 of the Hague Convention, the Brits initially press to force the Graf Spee out of the neutral port in 48 hours. They then reverse their strategy and scheme to keep her in port, to allow more time for British ships to assemble at the mouth of the river.
The realistic subject matter of The Battle of the River Plate calls for a different style than that pioneered by Powell and Pressberger for their history-making visual feasts Black Narcissus and The Red Shoes. They employ some of the same creative talent, including production designer Arthur Lawson, composer Brian Easdale and artistic adviser Hein Heckroth. The film favors wide masters in dialogue scenes and avoids opticals where possible by using clean cuts instead of dissolves. For one shot Powell puts the VistaVision camera in a small craft that rolls with the sea waves. The wildly pitching image plays as a visual joke, a literal representation of seasickness.
The film has a truly epic feel, whether observing the fast ships in action or taking in the spectacle of thousands of Uruguayos crowding the Montevideo wharf to witness the fate of the Graf Spee. The Archers team reserves its expressive film tricks for a few battle details -- like an 'impossible' view of a shell slicing its way through iron decks -- and the concluding chapter, which plays out under a fiery South American sunset. Most likely filmed in normal 35mm, the model work isn't as sharp as the VistaVision footage around it. But the clever stage tricks that show the British Minister observing the Graf Spee from the balcony of his embassy add greatly to the dramatic finale.
Although a "stiff upper lip" approach to some of the derring-do is unavoidable, Powell & Pressberger's script emphasizes memorable human reactions. While his ship makes hasty repairs, Commodore Harwood (Anthony Quayle) shares a laugh with his peers, explaining how a German hit on his quarters has destroyed both his golf clubs and the ship's only bathtub. Captain Langsdorff's aide throws a Christmas party for his prisoners, and then jubilantly announces that, because Montevideo is a neutral port, they will all be set free. The British spies feel like fools, purposely leaking bogus ship movements on phone lines known to be monitored by German counter-agents. And radio personality Mike Fowler can only secure his perfect perch on the bar's oceanfront patio by buying hundreds of drinks he can't possibly enjoy. Re-creating the famous live broadcast of the final naval showdown just outside Montevideo, Fowler plays up the drama for a worldwide radio audience.
The movie is clearly a valentine to the intrepid British Naval forces that challenged a foe that, at least on paper, far outmatched them. But Michael Powell typically refuses to cast the enemy as standard villains. Peter Finch's Captain Langsdorff is afforded a great deal of sympathy. Further revelations about the incident show Langsdorff to have been backed into a true no-win situation. His choice not to precipitate a pointlessly bloody battle for the sole purpose of maintaining Nazi prestige has been debated ever since. But for all practical purposes Langsdorff went down with his ship. He committed suicide in Buenos Aires only two days later.
The Battle of the River Plate could serve as a quiz game for spotting familiar faces in tiny roles. Among the civilian prisoners and British crewmembers are John Merivale, Peter Dyneley, John Forbes-Robertson, Barry Foster, Donald Moffat, Anthony Newley, Nigel Stock and the future film director John Schlesinger.
Hen's Tooth's DVD of The Battle of the River Plate is a fine Region 1 encoding of a beautiful Carlton transfer, enhanced for widescreen and given excellent color values. Most Americans have only seen a flat, lifeless TV transfer but this release restores the film's big-screen epic quality. Brian Easdale's music score enhances the excitement of "fast ships going in harm's way".
The disc includes a 24-minute Carlton featurette, Profile of the Battle of the River Plate. Production manager John Brabourne and cinematographer Christopher Challis discuss specifics of the shoot and what it was like to work for the enthusiastic, demanding Michael Powell. Actor Christopher Lee remembers getting the job because of his Spanish speaking capability, and recalls his own run-ins with the director. Critic Ian Christie discusses the waning years of the Archers partnership. Although this film and Powell's previous A Matter of Life and Death were given prestigious Command Performances, the filmmaker's celebrated career would come to a scandalous, crashing end only four years later with the outraged response to his disturbing horror film Peeping Tom. The documentary appears to be a "textless" version for foreign language use: audio gaps have been left in the soundtrack to receive additional voiceover, and instead of end credits we see a blank screen for several seconds.
For more information about The Battle of the River Plate, visit Henstooth Video. To order The Battle of the River Plate, go to TCM Shopping.
by Glenn Erickson
