The three colors are blue, white and red. They are the colors of the French flag, of course, and they are
appropriated by director Krzysztof Kieslowski along with the themes of the motto they more or less
represent: liberty, equality, fraternity. But the films
Blue (1993),
Red (1993) and
Red (1994) are not hymns to patriotism or national identity and the Polish Kieslowski hasn't any
predisposition to making a statement at France. It's better to think of this trilogy in similar terms as
his
The Decalogue, ten short films in which he reflects upon the Ten Commandments in terms more
suggestive than literal. They are about morality in terms of life in Poland in 1989 and it is that vast
collage of life experience in that time and place that is so powerful.
After Kieslowski completed
The Decalogue, the Berlin Wall fell, Perestroika was introduced in the
Soviet Union and communism collapsed in Eastern Europe. The
Three Colors trilogy may begin in
France but reaches beyond national borders to Poland and Switzerland to become in part a portrait of the
new Europe. And, I would say, a rumination on the mysteries behind the faces of his beautiful leading
ladies: Juliette Binoche, Julie Delpy and Irene Jacob.
Binoche stars in
Blue as Julie Vignon, the sole survivor of a car wreck that kills her husband, a
revered composer, and their young daughter. Initially bereft to the point of suicide, she's unable to
swallow the pills. It's more a matter of gag reflex than second thoughts but she embraces the reflex as a
way to deal with her grief: she simply rejects all emotional connection to her past and her present life,
dropping out of contact with everyone she knew and systematically destroying all extant traces of her
husband's unfinished composition, which we learn she was intimately and creatively involved with. (The
title of the composition, "Concerto for the Unification of Europe," suggests the scope of Kieslowski's
trilogy while commenting on Julie's aggressive isolation.)
As one might assume from the title, the color blue dominates the palette, from the light over the city at
dusk to the glow from the swimming pool she visits to, quite literally, exorcize/exercise the demons of her
memory. The saturated hues are calming, protective, but also isolating; the rest of the world fades away
when she's enveloped in the blue of the water. Yet the world keeps coming back to her and Kieslowski
punctuates every assault on the emotional armor with startling orchestral stings and a brief fade to black,
as if the scene has jolted her out of the present and into the blackness of loss she has refused to
confront. The technique recalls Godard but Kieslowski orchestrates the elements with a grace that is his
alone. Where Godard deconstructs and breaks our engagement with the film, Kieslowski pulls us in and layers
the effects: the music she has been trying to destroy returns with a vengeance, as if fighting her efforts
to suppress it. Ultimately it becomes the story of her reawakening to world, but this time on her terms.
White opens in Paris on a sad clown of a gentle Polish immigrant, Karol Karol (Zbigniew
Zamachowski), reporting to divorce court where his French wife (Julie Delpy) sues for divorce because he
has failed to consummate the marriage (not for lack of desire, merely a bad, extended case of impotence).
With his twinkling blue eyes and smile of a child, Zamachowski carries himself with the bounce and
determined optimism of a silent movie clown in a mercenary modern world, where he's reduced to a penniless,
homeless, hapless drifter between countries until a generous countryman helps smuggle him back home. When
Karol finally sets foot back on Polish soil, after escaping from thieves and tumbling down the side of a
garbage dump, he gazes across the garbage-strewn landscape with the sigh: "Home at last." There's no love
of Poland in this portrait, where the new capitalism has only made it into a country of opportunists. .
"These days you can buy anything," Karol muses as he remakes himself, first as a bodyguard to a black
marketer and then as a cunning businessman in the new Poland. First he buys a gun and then he buys an
elaborate revenge against the wife who so cruelly kicked him to the curb (and she is cruel, mind you,
driven by some fury that remains unexplained and almost unfathomable).
Yet this is the comedy of the trilogy, not so much a black comedy as a wicked satire in the cold white
light of Polish winter, which (as you would expect) informs the color palette of this film. It's visually
starker than the other, more saturated films, bereft of bright color, but while Kieslowski shows us a cold
world of commerce and power, he also offers us a friendship of great devotion and, in a vodka-fueled lark
across a frozen park, the only moments of pure, childlike joy in the entire trilogy. And against all
expectations, Kieslowski presents a final act of revenge that is at once unforgiving and steeped in love.
If
White is indeed about equality, then this vengeance is about balancing the scales and rekindling
a broken relationship by the most drastic measures. That the final image is suffused in emotional reunion
(at the expense of physical disconnection), forgiveness and pure, unconditional love is testament to the
artistry and humanism of Kieslowski.
All three films open on industrial rumble and physical mechanisms of modern life: the speeding tire of an
automobile in the highway in
Blue that will, moments later, shatter Julie's life, and the conveyor
belt of an airport luggage belt carrying a suitcase that, we will soon learn, carries strange cargo in
White.
Red begins by hurtling along telephone lines and international cables, under the
English Channel and through subterranean tunnels, only to end on a busy signal on other end of the line.
More than a motif, this introduction frames and defines
Red, a film that revolves around
relationships strained by physical dislocation and relationships that become almost abstracted through
increasingly disconnected telephone conversations.
Irene Jacob stars as Valentine, a student and professional model in Geneva, Switzerland, whose boyfriend is
constantly traveling (and usually suspicious and unpleasantly jealous whenever he calls) and Jean-Louis
Trintignant is Joseph Kern, a bitter retired judge who spends his days eavesdropping on his neighbors'
phone calls. After spending a life in the impossible pursuit of finding truth within the constraints of the
courtroom, he now investigates his neighbors for no reason other than to learn the "truth," as if to prove
that such a thing exists. Or maybe it's merely a test of justice. It's like he's waiting for someone to
catch him and report him, and the longer he remains at large to continue, the more disillusioned be
becomes. Their initial meeting is initiated by injury (Valentine accidentally hits his dog in the road) and
fraught with conflict and judgment, yet they somehow become friends and confidantes. He imparts a little
wisdom to her, and she rouses his dashed ideals, while the intensity of the rich red color scheme brings a
vibrancy to the scenes: it's the color of love, anger, passion, heat, and it warms this into becoming the
most forgiving film in the series.
"I have said all I need to say on film," remarked Kieslowski after completing the trilogy. "
Red is
my summation." It is certainly the most densely and deftly woven of the three films. The story of a young
judge (Jean-Pierre Lorit) who lives in Valentine's neighborhood and dates a neighbor of the old judge plays
out in the margins of the film: their paths circle and wind around without meeting throughout the film, his
romantic drama echoes Valentine's and his life's journey recalls that related to Valentine by Joseph. The
old judge increasingly becomes Kieslowski's stand-in. He observes and judges, but also defends and excuses,
all the while constantly questioning his actions and his ability to find the truth. And while he never
aggressively interferes in the lives he listens in on, he is something of a conductor, nudging events along
with a remark or a suggestion.
There are few direct narrative connections between the three films. Apart from the coda of
Red,
which brings all three films together into the same climactic event, they limited are brief crossings
(Binoche stumbles into the courtroom of
White in a tiny moment that pulls the two films into the
same universe) and references that echo across the films. But ideas and images and the texture of
Kieslowski's filmmaking and elliptical storytelling reverberate through the trilogy, the most prominent
being an old stooped person who shuffles up to a recycling bin and reaches up to deposit a bottle. Only in
Red does our heroine step in to help, and that act of kindness is like a fulfillment, a test of
human compassion finally met that brings the cycle to its fruition.
All three films were released on DVD by Miramax in 2003 with a wealth of supplements. Many of those are
included in this set, including select scene commentary by Juliette Binoche, video interviews with producer
Martin Karmitz and editor Jacque Witta and three "Krzysztof Kieslowski's Cinema Lesson" programs, excerpts
from a 1994 French TV program featuring Kieslowski describing, dissecting, and ruminating on a scene from
each of the three films. The "Reflections on Blue" and "A Discussion on Kieslowski: The Early Years" are
interview programs with film critics Geoff Andrew and Annette Insdorf, actresses Juliette Binoche and Irene
Jacob, filmmaker Agnieszka Holland, cinematographer Slawomir Idziak and editor Jacques Witta, and there are
short documentaries on the making of
White and
Red and the world premiere of
Red at
Cannes 1994.
New to the set are interviews with composer Zbigniew Preisner; writer Krzysztof Piesiewicz, and actors
Julie Delpy, Zbigniew Zamachowski, and Irène Jacob conducted in 2011 for exclusively for this edition, and
superb video essays on each film by film studies professor Annette Insdorf (on
Blue) and film
critics Tony Rayns (
White) and Dennis Lim (
Red).
Archival offerings include the 1995 feature-length documentary
Krzysztof Kieslowski: I'm So-So from
Krzysztof Wierzbicki, two early Kieslowski student shorts,
The Tram and
The Face (both from
1966), and two short documentaries by Kieslowski,
Seven Women of Different Ages (1978) and
Talking Heads (1980). And of course there is a substantial booklet with essays on the films by
critics Colin MacCabe, Nick James, Stuart Klawans, and Georgina Evans, an excerpt from the interview book
"Kieslowski on Kieslowski," and reprinted interviews with cinematographers Slawomir Idziak, Edward
Klosinski, and Piotr Sobocinski.
For more information about
Three Colors: Blue, White, Red, visit
The Criterion Collection. To order
Three Colors: Blue, White,
Red, go to
TCM Shopping.
by Sean Axmaker
