Ashes and Diamonds


1h 46m 1961
Ashes and Diamonds

Brief Synopsis

On the last day of World War II, a Polish Resistance fighter is ordered to kill a Communist leader.

Film Details

Also Known As
Popiól i diament
Genre
War
Adaptation
Drama
Foreign
Political
Release Date
Jan 1961
Premiere Information
New York opening: 29 May 1961
Production Company
KADR Film Unit
Distribution Company
Janus Films
Country
Poland
Location
Lodz, Poland; Wroclaw, Poland
Screenplay Information
Based on the novel Popiól i diament, powiesc by Jerzy Andrzejewski (Warsaw, 1948).

Technical Specs

Duration
1h 46m
Sound
Mono
Color
Black and White
Theatrical Aspect Ratio
1.85 : 1

Synopsis

On May 7, 1945, V-E Day, Andrzej and Maciek, two resistance fighters in a small Polish town, receive orders from their headquarters in London to assassinate the newly arrived Communist Party secretary, Szczuka. They mistakenly shoot down two innocent workmen, and young Maciek, deeply affected by this needless waste of life, balks at the thought of carrying out his assignment. Despite years of following orders without question, he cannot bring himself to celebrate this first day of peace with the prospect of yet another killing, especially since Szczuka seems to him to be a harmless man. That night Maciek attends a victory banquet, and is strongly attracted to a young barmaid, Christine. After spending the night with her, he decides he is through with killing and will enter a university. Humiliated by charges of desertion, however, he is once more forced to stalk his prey. He kills Szczuka, but Maciek himself is wounded while trying to escape. He runs through the city and dies in agony on a rubbish heap.

Film Details

Also Known As
Popiól i diament
Genre
War
Adaptation
Drama
Foreign
Political
Release Date
Jan 1961
Premiere Information
New York opening: 29 May 1961
Production Company
KADR Film Unit
Distribution Company
Janus Films
Country
Poland
Location
Lodz, Poland; Wroclaw, Poland
Screenplay Information
Based on the novel Popiól i diament, powiesc by Jerzy Andrzejewski (Warsaw, 1948).

Technical Specs

Duration
1h 46m
Sound
Mono
Color
Black and White
Theatrical Aspect Ratio
1.85 : 1

Articles

Ashes and Diamonds


Polish director Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds (1958) is a poetic chronicle of a turbulent period that begins on the first day of peace at the close of World War II. It was the third in Wajda's war trilogy, including A Generation (1955) and Kanal (1957), and a powerful statement about the ultimate absurdity of politics, where one totalitarian force replaces another in an endless cycle of power struggles.

Ashes and Diamonds begins with a terrible mistake; two members of the Polish Resistance, Maciek (Zbigniew Cybulski) and Andrzej (Adam Pawlikowski), on a mission to assassinate a Communist official, accidentally murder two innocent men who have just returned from a German labor camp. That tragic killing immediately defines the despairing tone of a film about a nation out of balance, devastated by war and with little to look forward to.

After the double murder, Maciek and Andrzej hole up at the Monopol Hotel, awaiting orders. At this lone outpost in a bleak provincial town pocked with bombed-out buildings, the local Communist officials assemble for a celebratory dinner and to consolidate their power. Assassin Maciek receives orders to continue on his mission to kill the Communist Party official, Szczuka (Waclaw Zastrzezynski). In the meantime, Maciek strikes up a flirtation with a pretty blonde barmaid, Christine (Ewa Krzyzewska) working in the hotel, and as their relationship progresses, begins to question the futility of all the killing, and considers giving up his mission.

Speaking for an entire generation that came of age in wartime, Maciek tells Christine, "I want a simple life. I want to go to university." In Maciek, Wajda articulated all the sorrow that war had brought to the Polish people, along with a yearning for something better around the corner.

Ashes and Diamonds is about a nation coming out of the black cloud of wartime and the events of war on its people, like the dejected Christine, who is too reluctant to hope for happiness or let herself fall in love with Maciek.

Wajda and Cybulski were something of kindred spirits and were about the same age when Ashes and Diamonds was made. Both had served in the Home Army and both were members of a generation scarred by the war.

Playing a restless character torn apart by the moral fallout of committing murder, Zbigniew Cybulski became an icon of the Polish postwar cinema, often referred to as the Polish James Dean. Just as Dean articulated the anxieties and frustrations of postwar American youth, Cybulski embodied some of the conflicts and angst of Poland's younger generation in Ashes and Diamonds. He was the first Polish superstar and an influential figure in Polish creative life, founding the student theater Bim Bom, and inspiring Polish critic Zbigniew Slojewski to comment on his legacy, that he was "more than an actor. He was a myth...the essence of manliness, a superman and a superlover."

Cybulski's career was defined by his role in Ashes and Diamonds, and his function as a symbol of Polish suffering. Adding to that mystique, Cybulski had much in common with his tempestuous character Maciek. Both were heavy-drinkers and womanizers, and Cybulski also carried a battered German army mess cup in his backpack. Like Dean, Cybulski died tragically. In 1967 when he ran for a train headed to Warsaw, he slipped and was dragged beneath the train. His funeral drew a crowd of thousands. Wajda later made a tribute film to his star and a self-referential film about filmmaking, Everything For Sale (1969).

Ashes and Diamonds was based on a novel written in 1947 by one of Poland's foremost novelists, Jerzy Andrzejewski. One of the most successful films ever made in Poland, Ashes and Diamonds was Wajda's third feature and made him an internationally renowned director who was honored at film festivals in Venice and Berlin. A graduate of the prestigious and rigorous Lodz film school along with directors Roman Polanski (Knife in the Water, 1962) and Krzysztof Kieslowski (Decalogue, 1989), Wajda was a member of the Polish school of filmmakers who first brought the native cinema to international attention.

Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski and Andrzej Wajda; based on the novel by Andrzejewski
Cinematography: Jerzy Wojcik
Film Editing: Halina Nawrocka
Production Design: Roman Mann
Music: Jan Krenz, Filip Nowak
Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski (Maciek Chelmicki), Eva Krzyzewski (Christine), Adam Pawlikowski (Andrzej), Waclaw Zastrzezynski (Szczuka), Bogumil Kobiela (Drewnowski).
BW-105m. Letterboxed.

by Felicia Feaster
Ashes And Diamonds

Ashes and Diamonds

Polish director Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds (1958) is a poetic chronicle of a turbulent period that begins on the first day of peace at the close of World War II. It was the third in Wajda's war trilogy, including A Generation (1955) and Kanal (1957), and a powerful statement about the ultimate absurdity of politics, where one totalitarian force replaces another in an endless cycle of power struggles. Ashes and Diamonds begins with a terrible mistake; two members of the Polish Resistance, Maciek (Zbigniew Cybulski) and Andrzej (Adam Pawlikowski), on a mission to assassinate a Communist official, accidentally murder two innocent men who have just returned from a German labor camp. That tragic killing immediately defines the despairing tone of a film about a nation out of balance, devastated by war and with little to look forward to. After the double murder, Maciek and Andrzej hole up at the Monopol Hotel, awaiting orders. At this lone outpost in a bleak provincial town pocked with bombed-out buildings, the local Communist officials assemble for a celebratory dinner and to consolidate their power. Assassin Maciek receives orders to continue on his mission to kill the Communist Party official, Szczuka (Waclaw Zastrzezynski). In the meantime, Maciek strikes up a flirtation with a pretty blonde barmaid, Christine (Ewa Krzyzewska) working in the hotel, and as their relationship progresses, begins to question the futility of all the killing, and considers giving up his mission. Speaking for an entire generation that came of age in wartime, Maciek tells Christine, "I want a simple life. I want to go to university." In Maciek, Wajda articulated all the sorrow that war had brought to the Polish people, along with a yearning for something better around the corner. Ashes and Diamonds is about a nation coming out of the black cloud of wartime and the events of war on its people, like the dejected Christine, who is too reluctant to hope for happiness or let herself fall in love with Maciek. Wajda and Cybulski were something of kindred spirits and were about the same age when Ashes and Diamonds was made. Both had served in the Home Army and both were members of a generation scarred by the war. Playing a restless character torn apart by the moral fallout of committing murder, Zbigniew Cybulski became an icon of the Polish postwar cinema, often referred to as the Polish James Dean. Just as Dean articulated the anxieties and frustrations of postwar American youth, Cybulski embodied some of the conflicts and angst of Poland's younger generation in Ashes and Diamonds. He was the first Polish superstar and an influential figure in Polish creative life, founding the student theater Bim Bom, and inspiring Polish critic Zbigniew Slojewski to comment on his legacy, that he was "more than an actor. He was a myth...the essence of manliness, a superman and a superlover." Cybulski's career was defined by his role in Ashes and Diamonds, and his function as a symbol of Polish suffering. Adding to that mystique, Cybulski had much in common with his tempestuous character Maciek. Both were heavy-drinkers and womanizers, and Cybulski also carried a battered German army mess cup in his backpack. Like Dean, Cybulski died tragically. In 1967 when he ran for a train headed to Warsaw, he slipped and was dragged beneath the train. His funeral drew a crowd of thousands. Wajda later made a tribute film to his star and a self-referential film about filmmaking, Everything For Sale (1969). Ashes and Diamonds was based on a novel written in 1947 by one of Poland's foremost novelists, Jerzy Andrzejewski. One of the most successful films ever made in Poland, Ashes and Diamonds was Wajda's third feature and made him an internationally renowned director who was honored at film festivals in Venice and Berlin. A graduate of the prestigious and rigorous Lodz film school along with directors Roman Polanski (Knife in the Water, 1962) and Krzysztof Kieslowski (Decalogue, 1989), Wajda was a member of the Polish school of filmmakers who first brought the native cinema to international attention. Director: Andrzej Wajda Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski and Andrzej Wajda; based on the novel by Andrzejewski Cinematography: Jerzy Wojcik Film Editing: Halina Nawrocka Production Design: Roman Mann Music: Jan Krenz, Filip Nowak Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski (Maciek Chelmicki), Eva Krzyzewski (Christine), Adam Pawlikowski (Andrzej), Waclaw Zastrzezynski (Szczuka), Bogumil Kobiela (Drewnowski). BW-105m. Letterboxed. by Felicia Feaster

Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films on DVD


Andrzej Wajda's first three features - A Generation (1955), Kanal (1957) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958)- are usually regarded as a trilogy because of their common concern with the Polish experience of World War II. They demonstrate a director and his collaborators rapidly growing in artistic assurance, in part because the political thaw that occurred throughout Eastern Europe after Stalin's death enabled them to deal with increasingly complex themes and characters. Wajda and his cinematographers also built upon the stylistic innovations of recent American and European cinema, helping gain recognition for Poland as a vital national cinema in its own right. The Criterion Collection's excellent box set entitled Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films presents all three films in new high-definition transfers with thoughtfully chosen special features.

THE FILMS

A Generation (1954)
Synopsis:Stach, an uneducated young man living in the Warsaw slums, is wounded and his friends killed while stealing coal from a German train. Sekula, a foreman, invites him to become an apprentice at a carpentry shop. The shop's owner is providing clandestine support for the Home Army, an underground resistance group, and reluctantly permits them to store arms there. Sekula, on the other hand, supports the leftist People's Army and educates Stach in the basics of Marxism. When Stach joins up with the People's Army, he finds himself attracted to Dorota, the energetic young leader of the local brigade. Jasio, a journeyman at the same shop, is torn between his desire to serve the Resistance through the People's Army and the need to support his aging father. When everyone is called upon to assist the Jews in the 1943 Ghetto Uprising, not all of them will make it out alive.

As Ewa Mazierska points out in her excellent essay accompanying the DVD, Wajda's debut feature straddles the boundary between the doctrine of socialist realism enforced throughout the Eastern Bloc countries of the late Stalin era and the emerging "Polish school" developed by Wajda and other Polish filmmakers. Thus A Generation still contains stock speeches and characters such as the immature but eager protagonist (Stach) and the wise mentor figure (Sekula). At the same time, it offers a gripping portrait of life in occupied Poland, with authentic details such as the corpses hung by the Nazis along the streets to intimidate the populace. One of the most noteworthy aspects of A Generation is its cinematography by Jerzy Lipman, who also collaborated with Wajda on Kanal and a couple other subsequent films. As is evident from the opening crane shot that descends upon the slum, Wajda and Lipman already possess a strong visual sense. In particular, Wajda's taste for chiaroscuro lighting and his gift for composing actors within the frame reflect his previous training as a painter. I had always heard that A Generation was the weakest of the trilogy, but in fact the film holds up better than one might expect, and it repays a second viewing. Incidentally, watch for a young Roman Polanski in the role of one of Stach's companions.

Kanal (1957)
Synopsis: The ill-fated 1944 Warsaw Uprising is in its fifty-sixth day. Their ranks decimated, a company of soldiers from the Home Army takes shelter in a partially ruined house, but are forced to withdraw due to the advance of German forces. Their only option at this point is to return downtown through the sewers. Daisy, Korab's girlfriend, knows the route but because Korab is wounded she has to lead him through separately. Without a guide, the other soldiers become trapped in the dark underground maze, nearly suffocating from the lack of oxygen and in danger of losing their sanity.

Kanal opens with a dazzling four-minute tracking shot that follows the company as they descend a hill and engage in a battle on a ruined street. As with the subsequent Ashes and Diamonds, Wajda is unafraid of bold, self-consciously virtuosic gestures, and it is undoubtedly this stylistic bravura which initially drew international attention to his work. At the same time, Kanal retains a harsh sense of realism that reinforces its emotional impact. Except for the scenes in the sewers, the film was shot on location in Warsaw, significant portions of which were still in ruins more than a decade later in when the film was made. It a very direct way those scenes bring home the devastation Poland suffered during the war. And while the sewers may have been constructed for the film, they evoke an all-too convincing feel for the filth and claustrophobic environment the fighters must have experienced. The film's realism extends to its treatment of violence, which is far more explicit than one would expect to find in Soviet or, for that matter, even American films of that era. It depicts the impact of bullets using squibs (small explosive charges) rigged with blood packets--an effect Wajda first used in A Generation--and at one point we even see a Polish fighter bashing in a German's face with a rock.

However, a couple aspects of the film don't ring true: the composer Michal somehow manages to phone home to his family and speaks to his wife at the exact moment that the Germans overtake her, and later in the film we see him wandering in the sewers playing an ocarina, an overly portentous symbol. Still, on the whole the film is magnificently realized and the sewer scenes are unforgettable. Together with Bergman's The Seventh Seal, Kanal was awarded the Special Jury Prize at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival.

Ashes and Diamonds (1958)
Synopsis: Maciek, a fighter in the Home Army, has been ordered by his superior officer Andrzej to assassinate Szczuka, a secretary in the rival Communist party, which is in the process of taking power after the war. When they learn that they have shot a couple of workers by mistake, Andrzej orders Maciek to kill Szcuka that night at a hotel. While waiting for his move, Maciek meets and falls in love with Krystyna, a barmaid, and begins to doubt the value of his actions.

Ashes and Diamonds is an unqualified masterpiece and arguably Wajda's greatest film to date, though one would hesitate to slight the director's subsequent accomplishments such as Man of Marble (1976) or Danton (1982). While the script is tightly constructed, taking place within a single twenty-four hour period, it provides a revealing account of the divisions within Polish society after the war. Its moral complexities are underlined by the restless, probing lead performance by Zbigniew Cybulski, who is often characterized as the Polish James Dean. Tragically, Cybulski died in 1967 at the age of forty, cutting short what had already developed into a great career, with appearances in films such as the underrated The Saragossa Manuscript (1965) by Wojciech Has. Wajda later commented on Cybulski's premature death his self-reflexive drama Everything For Sale (1968).

The film's use of deep focus photography and deep space composition, as Annette Insdorf points out in the audio commentary track, was inspired by cinematographer Gregg Toland's innovative work for William Wyler and John Ford, and above all Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941). However, the film's most frequently cited deep-focus shot, in which Andrzej speaks in a phone booth while Maciek leans against a bar and Szczuka enters through the front door of the hotel lobby, appears to be an artfully executed optical effect combining two separate elements rather than a true deep-focus shot. Such subterfuges were also common in Citizen Kane, though they of course do not diminish the impact of either film. Another likely inspiration derived from Citizen Kane is the film's rich chiaroscuro lighting, though Wajda's aforementioned artistic background undoubtedly bears some influence here as well. But regardless of influences, Jerzy Wojcik's sharp-edged black-and-white cinematography is remarkable, the equal of anything done at that time.

THE TRANSFERS

A Generation appears on DVD for the first time, and the results are extremely satisfactory, especially considering the age of the film. The booklet states: "One of the scenes damaged on the original negative was transferred from an earlier print courtesy of the Museum of Modern Art." I believe the scene in question was probably Stach's arrival home after he is first wounded, since it looks softer and more dupey that the other portions of the film. Otherwise, the print is generally in very good condition and the transfer has a nice range of grays. The mono sound is muffled during the opening credits, but is mostly clear during the rest of the film. Kanal and Ashes and Diamonds have been released previously on DVD through Facets in conjunction with Polart, but the new Criterion editions are obviously the way to go, with superior high-definition transfers using prints struck from the original negatives. Those who already own the Facets discs will want to upgrade. The print for Kanal has the most damage, particularly during sewer sequences; however, the image is sharp with rich contrast. The print for Ashes and Diamonds is in the best condition of the three, mainly displaying a few scratches at the beginning; the transfer can only be described as stellar. As usual, Criterion deserves praise for its sensitive handling of black-and-white transfers. The mono sound in both cases is fine.

SPECIAL FEATURES

While all three films are compelling dramas on their own, the non-Polish viewer greatly benefits from some kind of historical context. Here Criterion demonstrates yet again why they have earned a reputation as the gold standard in home video releases. A Generation features a video interview with Wajda and critic Jerzy Plazewski, in which they speak extensively about Wajda's start as a filmmaker, the state of the Polish film industry at the time and other topics such as the influence of Italian neorealism. Similar interviews with Wajda and various collaborators appear on the other two discs, and in all cases they are extremely interesting and informative. In fact, you might want to consider watching the interviews before the main features to better understand their historical references and enjoy them more fully the first time around.

One intriguing supplement on A Generation is an early student short by Wajda, Ilza Ceramics (1951), a documentary which combines imaginative visual touches with obvious concessions to official ideology. For example, at the end of the film the narrator proclaims: "A new cadre of folk artists is growing up. Inspired by the creativity of the Polish people, they will continue the tradition of progressive and realistic national art in Poland." Such platitudes will be amusingly familiar to anyone who has studied the politics and culture of Communist countries. The aforementioned liner notes essay by Ewa Mazierska succinctly describes the Polish experience from World War II up to the early Fifties, making it an essential starting point for the box set as a whole. Kanal features a 2004 television interview that Wajda conducted with Jan-Nowak-Jezioranski, a courier for the Home Army at the time of the Warsaw Uprising. Ashes and Diamonds features a very good audio commentary track by noted film scholar Annette Insdorf, who helpfully explains many references that would otherwise pass over the heads of non-Polish viewers. These include an allusion to the Polish flag during Maciek's death and the riderless white horse. Indeed, without the context that Insdorf provides, the latter symbol would seem like needless mystification in a film otherwise grounded in a very concrete reality. Lastly, I should mention the attractive design of the package, using only three colors: red, white and black. (Red and white are the colors of the Polish flag.) To sum up, Criterion's box set Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films is a solid combination of powerful films, excellent transfers and intelligent special features.

For more information about Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films, visit The Criterion Collection. To order Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films, go to TCM Shopping.

by James Steffen

Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films on DVD

Andrzej Wajda's first three features - A Generation (1955), Kanal (1957) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958)- are usually regarded as a trilogy because of their common concern with the Polish experience of World War II. They demonstrate a director and his collaborators rapidly growing in artistic assurance, in part because the political thaw that occurred throughout Eastern Europe after Stalin's death enabled them to deal with increasingly complex themes and characters. Wajda and his cinematographers also built upon the stylistic innovations of recent American and European cinema, helping gain recognition for Poland as a vital national cinema in its own right. The Criterion Collection's excellent box set entitled Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films presents all three films in new high-definition transfers with thoughtfully chosen special features. THE FILMS A Generation (1954) Synopsis:Stach, an uneducated young man living in the Warsaw slums, is wounded and his friends killed while stealing coal from a German train. Sekula, a foreman, invites him to become an apprentice at a carpentry shop. The shop's owner is providing clandestine support for the Home Army, an underground resistance group, and reluctantly permits them to store arms there. Sekula, on the other hand, supports the leftist People's Army and educates Stach in the basics of Marxism. When Stach joins up with the People's Army, he finds himself attracted to Dorota, the energetic young leader of the local brigade. Jasio, a journeyman at the same shop, is torn between his desire to serve the Resistance through the People's Army and the need to support his aging father. When everyone is called upon to assist the Jews in the 1943 Ghetto Uprising, not all of them will make it out alive. As Ewa Mazierska points out in her excellent essay accompanying the DVD, Wajda's debut feature straddles the boundary between the doctrine of socialist realism enforced throughout the Eastern Bloc countries of the late Stalin era and the emerging "Polish school" developed by Wajda and other Polish filmmakers. Thus A Generation still contains stock speeches and characters such as the immature but eager protagonist (Stach) and the wise mentor figure (Sekula). At the same time, it offers a gripping portrait of life in occupied Poland, with authentic details such as the corpses hung by the Nazis along the streets to intimidate the populace. One of the most noteworthy aspects of A Generation is its cinematography by Jerzy Lipman, who also collaborated with Wajda on Kanal and a couple other subsequent films. As is evident from the opening crane shot that descends upon the slum, Wajda and Lipman already possess a strong visual sense. In particular, Wajda's taste for chiaroscuro lighting and his gift for composing actors within the frame reflect his previous training as a painter. I had always heard that A Generation was the weakest of the trilogy, but in fact the film holds up better than one might expect, and it repays a second viewing. Incidentally, watch for a young Roman Polanski in the role of one of Stach's companions. Kanal (1957) Synopsis: The ill-fated 1944 Warsaw Uprising is in its fifty-sixth day. Their ranks decimated, a company of soldiers from the Home Army takes shelter in a partially ruined house, but are forced to withdraw due to the advance of German forces. Their only option at this point is to return downtown through the sewers. Daisy, Korab's girlfriend, knows the route but because Korab is wounded she has to lead him through separately. Without a guide, the other soldiers become trapped in the dark underground maze, nearly suffocating from the lack of oxygen and in danger of losing their sanity. Kanal opens with a dazzling four-minute tracking shot that follows the company as they descend a hill and engage in a battle on a ruined street. As with the subsequent Ashes and Diamonds, Wajda is unafraid of bold, self-consciously virtuosic gestures, and it is undoubtedly this stylistic bravura which initially drew international attention to his work. At the same time, Kanal retains a harsh sense of realism that reinforces its emotional impact. Except for the scenes in the sewers, the film was shot on location in Warsaw, significant portions of which were still in ruins more than a decade later in when the film was made. It a very direct way those scenes bring home the devastation Poland suffered during the war. And while the sewers may have been constructed for the film, they evoke an all-too convincing feel for the filth and claustrophobic environment the fighters must have experienced. The film's realism extends to its treatment of violence, which is far more explicit than one would expect to find in Soviet or, for that matter, even American films of that era. It depicts the impact of bullets using squibs (small explosive charges) rigged with blood packets--an effect Wajda first used in A Generation--and at one point we even see a Polish fighter bashing in a German's face with a rock. However, a couple aspects of the film don't ring true: the composer Michal somehow manages to phone home to his family and speaks to his wife at the exact moment that the Germans overtake her, and later in the film we see him wandering in the sewers playing an ocarina, an overly portentous symbol. Still, on the whole the film is magnificently realized and the sewer scenes are unforgettable. Together with Bergman's The Seventh Seal, Kanal was awarded the Special Jury Prize at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. Ashes and Diamonds (1958) Synopsis: Maciek, a fighter in the Home Army, has been ordered by his superior officer Andrzej to assassinate Szczuka, a secretary in the rival Communist party, which is in the process of taking power after the war. When they learn that they have shot a couple of workers by mistake, Andrzej orders Maciek to kill Szcuka that night at a hotel. While waiting for his move, Maciek meets and falls in love with Krystyna, a barmaid, and begins to doubt the value of his actions. Ashes and Diamonds is an unqualified masterpiece and arguably Wajda's greatest film to date, though one would hesitate to slight the director's subsequent accomplishments such as Man of Marble (1976) or Danton (1982). While the script is tightly constructed, taking place within a single twenty-four hour period, it provides a revealing account of the divisions within Polish society after the war. Its moral complexities are underlined by the restless, probing lead performance by Zbigniew Cybulski, who is often characterized as the Polish James Dean. Tragically, Cybulski died in 1967 at the age of forty, cutting short what had already developed into a great career, with appearances in films such as the underrated The Saragossa Manuscript (1965) by Wojciech Has. Wajda later commented on Cybulski's premature death his self-reflexive drama Everything For Sale (1968). The film's use of deep focus photography and deep space composition, as Annette Insdorf points out in the audio commentary track, was inspired by cinematographer Gregg Toland's innovative work for William Wyler and John Ford, and above all Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941). However, the film's most frequently cited deep-focus shot, in which Andrzej speaks in a phone booth while Maciek leans against a bar and Szczuka enters through the front door of the hotel lobby, appears to be an artfully executed optical effect combining two separate elements rather than a true deep-focus shot. Such subterfuges were also common in Citizen Kane, though they of course do not diminish the impact of either film. Another likely inspiration derived from Citizen Kane is the film's rich chiaroscuro lighting, though Wajda's aforementioned artistic background undoubtedly bears some influence here as well. But regardless of influences, Jerzy Wojcik's sharp-edged black-and-white cinematography is remarkable, the equal of anything done at that time. THE TRANSFERS A Generation appears on DVD for the first time, and the results are extremely satisfactory, especially considering the age of the film. The booklet states: "One of the scenes damaged on the original negative was transferred from an earlier print courtesy of the Museum of Modern Art." I believe the scene in question was probably Stach's arrival home after he is first wounded, since it looks softer and more dupey that the other portions of the film. Otherwise, the print is generally in very good condition and the transfer has a nice range of grays. The mono sound is muffled during the opening credits, but is mostly clear during the rest of the film. Kanal and Ashes and Diamonds have been released previously on DVD through Facets in conjunction with Polart, but the new Criterion editions are obviously the way to go, with superior high-definition transfers using prints struck from the original negatives. Those who already own the Facets discs will want to upgrade. The print for Kanal has the most damage, particularly during sewer sequences; however, the image is sharp with rich contrast. The print for Ashes and Diamonds is in the best condition of the three, mainly displaying a few scratches at the beginning; the transfer can only be described as stellar. As usual, Criterion deserves praise for its sensitive handling of black-and-white transfers. The mono sound in both cases is fine. SPECIAL FEATURES While all three films are compelling dramas on their own, the non-Polish viewer greatly benefits from some kind of historical context. Here Criterion demonstrates yet again why they have earned a reputation as the gold standard in home video releases. A Generation features a video interview with Wajda and critic Jerzy Plazewski, in which they speak extensively about Wajda's start as a filmmaker, the state of the Polish film industry at the time and other topics such as the influence of Italian neorealism. Similar interviews with Wajda and various collaborators appear on the other two discs, and in all cases they are extremely interesting and informative. In fact, you might want to consider watching the interviews before the main features to better understand their historical references and enjoy them more fully the first time around. One intriguing supplement on A Generation is an early student short by Wajda, Ilza Ceramics (1951), a documentary which combines imaginative visual touches with obvious concessions to official ideology. For example, at the end of the film the narrator proclaims: "A new cadre of folk artists is growing up. Inspired by the creativity of the Polish people, they will continue the tradition of progressive and realistic national art in Poland." Such platitudes will be amusingly familiar to anyone who has studied the politics and culture of Communist countries. The aforementioned liner notes essay by Ewa Mazierska succinctly describes the Polish experience from World War II up to the early Fifties, making it an essential starting point for the box set as a whole. Kanal features a 2004 television interview that Wajda conducted with Jan-Nowak-Jezioranski, a courier for the Home Army at the time of the Warsaw Uprising. Ashes and Diamonds features a very good audio commentary track by noted film scholar Annette Insdorf, who helpfully explains many references that would otherwise pass over the heads of non-Polish viewers. These include an allusion to the Polish flag during Maciek's death and the riderless white horse. Indeed, without the context that Insdorf provides, the latter symbol would seem like needless mystification in a film otherwise grounded in a very concrete reality. Lastly, I should mention the attractive design of the package, using only three colors: red, white and black. (Red and white are the colors of the Polish flag.) To sum up, Criterion's box set Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films is a solid combination of powerful films, excellent transfers and intelligent special features. For more information about Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films, visit The Criterion Collection. To order Andrzej Wajda: Three War Films, go to TCM Shopping. by James Steffen

Quotes

Trivia

Notes

Released in Poland in October 1958 as Popiól i diament. Last in an "unplanned trilogy" of films directed by Wajda, following A Generation (1954) and Kanal (1956). Barbara Krafft is a pseudonym for Barbara Krafftówna.

Miscellaneous Notes

Voted One of the Year's Ten Best Foreign Language Films by the 1961 New York Times Film Critics.

Released in United States 1996

Released in United States November 1996

Released in United States Summer May 29, 1961

Re-released in United States on Video March 23, 1994

Shown at Kobe Film Festival (Pre-event Special) in Japan November 1-30, 1996.

Released in United States 1996 (Shown in New York City (Walter Reade Theater) as part of program "Revelation & Camouflage: Polish Cinema from 1930 to the Present" January 26 - March 7, 1996.)

Re-released in United States on Video March 23, 1994

Released in United States Summer May 29, 1961

Released in United States November 1996 (Shown at Kobe Film Festival (Pre-event Special) in Japan November 1-30, 1996.)